2^nd World Congress on
COPD, Asthma and Lung Health

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus production and wheezing. It's caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and a variety of other conditions. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common conditions that contribute to COPD. The inflamed bronchial tubes produce a lot of mucus. This leads to coughing and difficulty breathing. It's characterized by a daily cough and mucus production

Asthma is one of the chronic diseases involving the airway in the lungs. This airway is called bronchial tubes, allow air to come in and out of the lungs. In this asthma condition, your airway gets narrow and it will produce extra mucus. So that it can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack.Because asthma often changes over time, it's important that we need to track our signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed. Asthma diagnosis can also be preferred regularly inorder to normalize the threatening conditions which can be seen in the body 

Asthma causes difficulty in breathing that often results from an allergic reaction. when it comes to COPD both are chronic inflammatory diseases that include the little airway routes and cause airflow impediment, both result from gene-environment communications and both are typically characterized by mucus and bronchoconstriction. 

• Asthma medication always plays a key part in how well you control your condition. Controller pharmaceuticals are the most essential since they avert asthma assaults. When you utilize these medications, your aviation routes are less aggravated and more averse to respond to triggers. If you need to utilize a safeguard drug more than two times per week, your asthma isn't very much controlled. The correct pharmaceutical ought to enable you to carry on with a functioning and ordinary life.

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer, though lung cancer can also occur in people who have never smoked. The risk of lung cancer increases with the length of time and the number of cigarettes you've smoked.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected. About one-quarter of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a type of lung disease that results in scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs for an unknown reason. Over time, the scarring gets worse and it becomes hard to take in a deep breath and the lungs cannot take in enough oxygen. IPF is a form of interstitial lung disease, primarily involving the interstitial (the tissue and space around the air sacs of the lungs), and not directly affecting the airways or blood vessels. There are many other kinds of interstitial lung disease that can also cause inflammation and/or fibrosis, and these are treated differently.

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These secreted fluids are normally thin and slippery. But in people with cystic fibrosis, a defective gene causes the secretions to become sticky and thick.This gene is responsible for production of the protein known as Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance regulator which acts as a lubricant and as a travel medium for the secretions. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts and passageways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.

Stage 1 or intermittent asthma: This group of children has symptoms no more than two times a week, do not have problems in-between flare-ups, and only have short flare-ups from a few hours to a few days. Night-time symptoms occur less than two times a month.

Stage 2 or mild persistent: This group of children has symptoms more than two times a week, but not daily, and may have activity levels affected by the flare-ups. Night-time symptoms occur greater than two times a month, but no more than once per week.

Stage 3 or moderate persistent: This group of children has symptoms every day, use their rescue medication every day and may have activity levels affected by the flare-ups. Night-time symptoms occur greater than one time a week.

Stage 4 or severe persistent: This group of children has symptoms multiple times per day, have a decrease in their physical activity and have frequent flare-ups. Night-time symptoms occur frequently.

Bronchial asthma is a resistant interceded issue described by reversible aviation route irritation, mucous discharge, and a variable stream of air deterring with aviation route hyperresponsiveness. Allergen presentation prompts the initiation of different cells of the framework, of those dendritic cells and Th2 lymphocytes are of principal significance. Even though the epithelium was at first considered to work independently as a physical boundary, it is as of now detectable that it assumes a focal part in the Th2-cell refinement process because of its possibility to initiate dendritic cells. Pole cells and eosinophil were at first accepted to assume a key part in driving the aviation route irritation related to asthma, new information infer that T partner cells are basic. It has been demonstrated that hypersensitive asthma is related with expanded TH2 cytokine generation that causes initiation of eosinophils and T-cells and creation of chemokine by aspiratory fibroblasts.

Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is that chronic airflow limitation results from an abnormal inflammatory response to inhaled particles and gases in the lung. Basically, it has characterized, inflammation in the peripheral airspaces in different stages of disease severity. The first is a Protease-Antiprotease imbalance, which has been linked to the pathogenesis of emphysema. The second process, oxidative stress, has a role in many of the pathogenic processes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may be one mechanism that enhances the inflammatory response.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is responsible for early mortality, high death rates and significant cost to health systems. Active smoking remains the main risk factor, but other factors are becoming better known, such as occupational factors, infections and the role of air pollution. Prevalence of COPD varies according to the country, age and sex. This disease is also associated with significant comorbidities. COPD is a disorder that includes various phenotypes, the continuum of which remains under debate. The major challenge in the coming years will be to prevent the onset of smoking along with early detection of the disease in the general population. This may represent deterioration in the patient's premorbid condition such that hypoxemia worsens and hypercapnia develops during a relatively trivial respiratory tract infection, which may be viral or bacterial.

Numerous cohort studies have demonstrated an increased risk of cardiovascular-related mortality in patients with COPD. Interestingly, this association is often seen in mild and moderate COPD. It is both disappointing and depressing that both the management of cardiovascular disease and the assessment of risk in patients with COPD is repeatedly suboptimal. The amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine are involved in elastin cross-linking, have utility as a measure of elastin breakdown, and may have value in determining both risk of cardiovascular disease and a link to a possible causal mechanism. The detection of increased arterial stiffness in patients with COPD furthers leads to the understanding of the possible mechanism for cardiovascular disease in COPD.

Patients who struggle with advanced COPD and acute or chronic respiratory failure are at high risk for death. Beyond pharmacological treatment, supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation are major treatment options. If your lungs fail to pass oxygen into your bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide, It can be a complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• Lung Inflammation is characterized by COPD, which intensifies with disease progression Lung or bronchial biopsies and induced sputum have shown evidence of lung inflammation in all cigarette smokers and also for those individuals who are exposed to high pollutant air and radioactive air inhalation which has high risk of lung failure.

• The Bronchoconstriction in COPD will take place when the autonomic nervous system regulates the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle thus controlling the diameter of the bronchioles.In the respiratory system,the Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles to relax, causing bronchodilation, whereas stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes smooth muscle to contract, leading to bronchoconstriction. 

Basically, the pathophysiology of COPD is rapidly unveiling. There will be some physiological change which eventually impacts the quality of life and survival in the natural progress of COPD when The pathological consequences of the COPD inflammation induce a series of physiological changes. Fibrotic remodelling of the airways results in fixed airway narrowing causing increased airway resistance which does not fully revert even with bronchodilators. Emphysema also reduces lung elastic recoil pressure which leads to a reduced driving pressure for expiratory flow through narrowed and poorly supported airways in which airflow resistance is significantly increased.

Treatment is depending upon the type of disease and stages. Either it will be treated in the surgical or non-surgical method, when it comes to the surgical process some of the treatments are lung transplant, Lung volume reduction surgery, and Bullectomy, another type is known a non-surgical process here, Airway clearance therapy, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Bronchoalveolar lavage method, Vaccines, and antibiotics.

• Pulmonary therapies are known as exercises and treatments designed to help patients maintain and recover lung function, such as with cystic fibrosis and after surgery.
• Also used for COPD and asthma Respiratory Therapy is a specialized healthcare training in pulmonary medicine in order to work therapeutically with people suffering from pulmonary disease

Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease have to acquire and the skills they need to carry out disease, Self-management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, centring on an action plan for the exacerbation and enhanced communication between the patient and healthcare providers, makes good clinical sense. Only two demonstrated reductions in health care utilization and one had to be discontinued prematurely because of increased mortality. Breathing techniques that can help you get the air you need without working so hard to breathe, Our primary objective was to assess the long-term effects of two different modes of COPD disease management comprehensive self-management and routine monitoring on quality of life in COPD patients in general practice. As secondary objectives, we assessed the effects on frequency and patients’ management of exacerbations and on self-efficacy. A systematic review of self-management in COPD concluded that it reduces hospital admissions and has no detrimental effects.

Nowadays patients with Respiratory diseases use various devices, which helps with the removal of mucus from the Airways and the improvement of pulmonary function. Pulmonary rehabilitation is one of the advanced and accepted method for improving the respiratory function of the body and also to improve the quality of life, which includes various training and exercises to normalize lung inspiration and expiration. Another method is the Continuous Positive airway therapy(CPAT) which uses oxygen masks to increase the air pressure in the lung and thus preventing the lung collapse especially in case of the sleep hypoxemia. Bronchoalveolar lavage treatment can be used as an Diagnosis method for identifying various Lung diseases. Nowadays devices seem to increase patients' compliance with daily treatment, because they present many benefits, as an independent application, full control of therapy and easy use. Various Recent Surgical techniques such as Bullectomy, Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction surgery, Bronchial thermoplasty can also be implemented.

The Division of Paediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine provides comprehensive care to infants, children, and adults with a full spectrum of respiratory disorders. Care is guided in all age groups by the routine measurements of lung function. This department also provides the teaching and training in Paediatric pulmonology for diagnosing and treating the various disorders. mostly various pulmonary disorders are treated with the help of ventilation machines and medications.

The most traditional method for diagnosing the pulmonary disorders is with the usage of the spirometer which generally provides measurement about the lung capacity and also about the inhalation and exhalation of air. By using spirometer it is also possible to tract the progression of the diseases such as COPD, Asthma, Airway Inflammation and also early detection of the disease. Other methods used for the diagnosis purposes are:

• Bronchodilators improve the airflow limitation observed in patients with COPD by producing airway smooth muscle relaxation.
• Using radiological imaging equipments such as Chest X-ray and Ct scan it is possible to identify the blockage in the airway specially in the condition such as emphysema.
• Diagnosis is also possible by using the Lab test such as Arterial blood analyser where the addition of the air to the blood is done by the lung.